ELF 文件格式

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#宏观结构

运行视图：分为若干个程序段（Segment），一个段表示一种加载类型，包括需要加载到内存的地址和属性（是否可读, 是否可写, 是否可执行）；

链接视图：分为若干个程序节（Section），表示不同作用的程序组成部分，用于链接，例如 .data, .rodata, .text；类似标签的作用；文件中的节区不能重叠；不允许一个字节存在于两个节区中的情况发生。

一般来说一个Segment会包含多个Section，例如：

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Segment 1: Text Segment
* .text
* .rodata
* .hash
* .dynsym
* .dynstr
* .plt
* .rel.got

Segment 2: Data Segment
* .data
* .dynamic
* .got
* .bss

#数据类型定义

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/* Type for a 16-bit quantity.  */
typedef uint16_t Elf32_Half;
typedef uint16_t Elf64_Half;

/* Types for signed and unsigned 32-bit quantities.  */
typedef uint32_t Elf32_Word;
typedef int32_t  Elf32_Sword;
typedef uint32_t Elf64_Word;
typedef int32_t  Elf64_Sword;

/* Types for signed and unsigned 64-bit quantities.  */
typedef uint64_t Elf32_Xword;
typedef int64_t  Elf32_Sxword;
typedef uint64_t Elf64_Xword;
typedef int64_t  Elf64_Sxword;

/* Type of addresses.  */
typedef uint32_t Elf32_Addr;
typedef uint64_t Elf64_Addr;

/* Type of file offsets.  */
typedef uint32_t Elf32_Off;
typedef uint64_t Elf64_Off;

/* Type for section indices, which are 16-bit quantities.  */
typedef uint16_t Elf32_Section;
typedef uint16_t Elf64_Section;

/* Type for version symbol information.  */
typedef Elf32_Half Elf32_Versym;
typedef Elf64_Half Elf64_Versym;

#ELF Header (Ehdr)

  • 魔数：[0x7f, 'E', 'L', 'F']
  • Phdr大小，Phdr个数
  • Shdr大小，Shdr个数
  • 入口地址 e_entry
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typedef struct
{
  unsigned char e_ident[EI_NIDENT]; /* Magic number and other info */
  Elf32_Half e_type;   /* Object file type */
  Elf32_Half e_machine;  /* Architecture */
  Elf32_Word e_version;  /* Object file version */
  Elf32_Addr e_entry;  /* Entry point virtual address */
  Elf32_Off e_phoff;  /* Program header table file offset */
  Elf32_Off e_shoff;  /* Section header table file offset */
  Elf32_Word e_flags;  /* Processor-specific flags */
  Elf32_Half e_ehsize;  /* ELF header size in bytes */
  Elf32_Half e_phentsize;  /* Program header table entry size */
  Elf32_Half e_phnum;  /* Program header table entry count */
  Elf32_Half e_shentsize;  /* Section header table entry size */
  Elf32_Half e_shnum;  /* Section header table entry count */
  Elf32_Half e_shstrndx;  /* Section header string table index */
} Elf32_Ehdr;

typedef struct
{
  unsigned char e_ident[EI_NIDENT]; /* Magic number and other info */
  Elf64_Half e_type;   /* Object file type */
  Elf64_Half e_machine;  /* Architecture */
  Elf64_Word e_version;  /* Object file version */
  Elf64_Addr e_entry;  /* Entry point virtual address */
  Elf64_Off e_phoff;  /* Program header table file offset */
  Elf64_Off e_shoff;  /* Section header table file offset */
  Elf64_Word e_flags;  /* Processor-specific flags */
  Elf64_Half e_ehsize;  /* ELF header size in bytes */
  Elf64_Half e_phentsize;  /* Program header table entry size */
  Elf64_Half e_phnum;  /* Program header table entry count */
  Elf64_Half e_shentsize;  /* Section header table entry size */
  Elf64_Half e_shnum;  /* Section header table entry count */
  Elf64_Half e_shstrndx;  /* Section header string table index */
} Elf64_Ehdr;

#Program Header (Phdr)

一般在文件开头紧邻 EHdr，有多个Phdr，起始偏移量由 e_phoff 指定，数量由 e_phnum 指定；

  • p_vaddr 段加载的虚拟地址
  • p_flags 段属性
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typedef struct
{
  Elf32_Word p_type;   /* Segment type */
  Elf32_Off p_offset;  /* Segment file offset */
  Elf32_Addr p_vaddr;  /* Segment virtual address */
  Elf32_Addr p_paddr;  /* Segment physical address */
  Elf32_Word p_filesz;  /* Segment size in file */
  Elf32_Word p_memsz;  /* Segment size in memory */
  Elf32_Word p_flags;  /* Segment flags */
  Elf32_Word p_align;  /* Segment alignment */
} Elf32_Phdr;

typedef struct
{
  Elf64_Word p_type;   /* Segment type */
  Elf64_Word p_flags;  /* Segment flags */
  Elf64_Off p_offset;  /* Segment file offset */
  Elf64_Addr p_vaddr;  /* Segment virtual address */
  Elf64_Addr p_paddr;  /* Segment physical address */
  Elf64_Xword p_filesz;  /* Segment size in file */
  Elf64_Xword p_memsz;  /* Segment size in memory */
  Elf64_Xword p_align;  /* Segment alignment */
} Elf64_Phdr;

#Section Header (Shdr)

一般在文件末尾，起始偏移量由 e_shoff 指定，数量由 e_shnum 指定；

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typedef struct
{
  Elf32_Word sh_name;  /* Section name (string tbl index) */
  Elf32_Word sh_type;  /* Section type */
  Elf32_Word sh_flags;  /* Section flags */
  Elf32_Addr sh_addr;  /* Section virtual addr at execution */
  Elf32_Off sh_offset;  /* Section file offset */
  Elf32_Word sh_size;  /* Section size in bytes */
  Elf32_Word sh_link;  /* Link to another section */
  Elf32_Word sh_info;  /* Additional section information */
  Elf32_Word sh_addralign;  /* Section alignment */
  Elf32_Word sh_entsize;  /* Entry size if section holds table */
} Elf32_Shdr;

typedef struct
{
  Elf64_Word sh_name;  /* Section name (string tbl index) */
  Elf64_Word sh_type;  /* Section type */
  Elf64_Xword sh_flags;  /* Section flags */
  Elf64_Addr sh_addr;  /* Section virtual addr at execution */
  Elf64_Off sh_offset;  /* Section file offset */
  Elf64_Xword sh_size;  /* Section size in bytes */
  Elf64_Word sh_link;  /* Link to another section */
  Elf64_Word sh_info;  /* Additional section information */
  Elf64_Xword sh_addralign;  /* Section alignment */
  Elf64_Xword sh_entsize;  /* Entry size if section holds table */
} Elf64_Shdr;

#实例

  • EHdr
  • PHdr 1
  • PHdr 2
  • PHdr …
  • Segment: PT_PHDR (self)
  • Segment: PT_INTERP
    • ---- .interp ----
    • "/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2"
  • Segment: PT_NOTE r–
    • ---- .note.gnu.property ----
    • ---- .note.gnu.build-id ----
    • ---- .note.ABI-tag ----
  • Segment: PT_GNU_HASH
  • Segment: Symbol Table
  • Segment: PT_LOAD r-x
    • ---- .init ----
      • _init_proc
    • ---- .plt ----
      • sub_4020
      • sub_4030
      • ...
    • ---- .plt.got ----
      • free
      • strcmp
      • ...
    • ---- .plt.sec ----
      • ___ctype_toupper_loc
      • ...
    • ---- .text ----
      • loc_4D70
      • ...
    • ---- .fini ----
      • _term_proc
  • Segment: PT_LOAD r–
    • ---- .rodata ----
      • unk_19000
      • ...
    • ---- .eh_frame_hdr ----
    • ---- .eh_frame ----
  • Segment: PT_LOAD rw-
  • Segment: PT_GNU_RELRO rw-
    • ---- .init_array ----
      • 0x6E10
    • ---- .fini_array ----
      • 0x6DD0
  • SHdr 1:
    • ---- .data.rel.ro ----
  • SHdr …n
    • – Segment: PT_DYNAMIC rw-
    • stru_22A38
    • ---- .got ----
    • ---- .data ----
    • ---- .bss ----
  • Segment: Externs
  • Segment: String Table

#典型 Segment

#PT_LOAD

普通的需要加载的段

#PT_INTERP

包含一个C字符串，指向动态链接器的路径，

当创建一个可执行文件时，如果依赖其它的动态链接库，那么链接编辑器会在可执行文件的程序头中加入一个 PT_INTERP 项，告诉系统这里需要使用动态链接器，一般链接器为ld。

#PT_NOTE

附加信息，例如ABI版本，构建ID等

#PT_PHDR

包含一个程序头表的副本，用于动态链接器的加载

#典型 Section

Section 类型表：

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#define SHT_NULL   0  /* Section header table entry unused */
#define SHT_PROGBITS   1  /* Program data */
#define SHT_SYMTAB   2  /* Symbol table */
#define SHT_STRTAB   3  /* String table */
#define SHT_RELA   4  /* Relocation entries with addends */
#define SHT_HASH   5  /* Symbol hash table */
#define SHT_DYNAMIC   6  /* Dynamic linking information */
#define SHT_NOTE   7  /* Notes */
#define SHT_NOBITS   8  /* Program space with no data (bss) */
#define SHT_REL    9  /* Relocation entries, no addends */
#define SHT_SHLIB   10  /* Reserved */
#define SHT_DYNSYM   11  /* Dynamic linker symbol table */
#define SHT_INIT_ARRAY   14  /* Array of constructors */
#define SHT_FINI_ARRAY   15  /* Array of destructors */
#define SHT_PREINIT_ARRAY 16  /* Array of pre-constructors */
#define SHT_GROUP   17  /* Section group */
#define SHT_SYMTAB_SHNDX  18  /* Extended section indices */
#define SHT_RELR   19            /* RELR relative relocations */
#define SHT_NUM    20  /* Number of defined types.  */
#define SHT_LOOS   0x60000000 /* Start OS-specific.  */
#define SHT_GNU_ATTRIBUTES 0x6ffffff5 /* Object attributes.  */
#define SHT_GNU_HASH   0x6ffffff6 /* GNU-style hash table.  */
#define SHT_GNU_LIBLIST   0x6ffffff7 /* Prelink library list */
#define SHT_CHECKSUM   0x6ffffff8 /* Checksum for DSO content.  */
#define SHT_LOSUNW   0x6ffffffa /* Sun-specific low bound.  */
#define SHT_SUNW_move   0x6ffffffa
#define SHT_SUNW_COMDAT   0x6ffffffb
#define SHT_SUNW_syminfo  0x6ffffffc
#define SHT_GNU_verdef   0x6ffffffd /* Version definition section.  */
#define SHT_GNU_verneed   0x6ffffffe /* Version needs section.  */
#define SHT_GNU_versym   0x6fffffff /* Version symbol table.  */
#define SHT_HISUNW   0x6fffffff /* Sun-specific high bound.  */
#define SHT_HIOS   0x6fffffff /* End OS-specific type */
#define SHT_LOPROC   0x70000000 /* Start of processor-specific */
#define SHT_HIPROC   0x7fffffff /* End of processor-specific */
#define SHT_LOUSER   0x80000000 /* Start of application-specific */
#define SHT_HIUSER   0x8fffffff /* End of application-specific */

#.shstrtab 节名字符串表

字符串表，存储ELF结构中所有的Section的名字。类型是 SHT_STRTAB；由EHdr中的 e_shstrndx 确定本节的位置；

#.dyntab 符号名字符串表

类型 SHT_STRTAB; 存储程序中的符号名，包含变量名、函数名等；

  • 这部分信息在进行 strip 后就会消失

#SHT_SYMTAB 符号表

包含

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typedef struct
{
  Elf32_Word st_name;  /* Symbol name (string tbl index) */
  Elf32_Addr st_value;  /* Symbol value */
  Elf32_Word st_size;  /* Symbol size */
  unsigned char st_info;  /* Symbol type and binding */
  unsigned char st_other;  /* Symbol visibility */
  Elf32_Section st_shndx;  /* Section index */
} Elf32_Sym;

typedef struct
{
  Elf64_Word st_name;  /* Symbol name (string tbl index) */
  unsigned char st_info;  /* Symbol type and binding */
  unsigned char st_other;  /* Symbol visibility */
  Elf64_Section st_shndx;  /* Section index */
  Elf64_Addr st_value;  /* Symbol value */
  Elf64_Xword st_size;  /* Symbol size */
} Elf64_Sym;

#.dynamic 动态链接节